Swift

https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/GuidedTour/GuidedTour.html

let myConst = 42
var myVariable = 1
let implicitDobule = 70.0
let explicitDouble: Double = 70

// string interpolation using \()
var myStr = "My name is \(name)"
// indent is removed if it is the same as ending quotation marks
var myMultilineStr = """
I say "My name is \(name)"
"""

Arrays and dictionaries

var myArray = ["a", "b"]
var myDictionary = [
  "name": "Duke",
]
// to define empty arrays you need to declare type
let emptyArray: [String] = []
let emptyDictionary: [String: Float] = [:]
}

myArray.append("first")

Control flow for loops for in, while, repeat while

let scores = [1, 2]
var result = 0
for score in scores {
  if score > 1 {
    result += 2
  } else {
    result += 1
  }
}

// range of indexes
for i in 0..<4 { }
for i in 0...3 { }

for (_, name) in myDictionary {}

while n < 100 { n *= 2 }

repeat {
  m *= 2
} while m < 100

if statement requires boolean expression or using let with optional string

var optionalName: String? = "a"
if let name = optionalName {
}
optionalName = nil

Handle optional values with default value using ?? operator

let greeting = "Hi \(name ?? "guest")'

If class is optional than you can use ? before calling a method or property, optionalSquare?.radius returns an optional value.

Switch using case

let vegetable = "red pepper"
switch vegetable {
case "celery":
    print("Add some raisins and make ants on a log.")
case "cucumber", "watercress":
    print("That would make a good tea sandwich.")
case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
    print("Is it a spicy \(x)?")
default:
    print("Everything tastes good in soup.")
}

Functions and Closures Arguments are parameter name and type, You can use custom argument label before parameter name or _ to use no argument label (otherwise you need to call a function with parameter name like greet(person: "John", day: "Wed") if there are more than one parameter)

func greet(_ person: String, on day: String) -> String {
  return "Hello \(person) today is \(day)"
}
print(greet("John", on: "Wed"))

Return value can be a tuple

func cal(scores: [Int]) -> (min: Int, max:  Int) {
  var min = scores[0]
  var max = scores[0]
  return (min, max)
}

You can nest functions. Functions are first class type ie it can be return value from function.

func makeInc() -> ((Int) -> Int) {
  func add(number: Int) -> Int {
    return 1 + number
  }
  return add
}
var inc = makeInc()
print(inc(3))

Functions can take another function as one of its arguments

func hasAnyMatches(_ list: [Int], condition: (Int) -> Bool) -> Bool {
  for item in list {
    if condition(item) {
      return true
    }
  }
  return false
}

func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {
  return number < 10
}

var numbers = [30, 2, 12]
print(hasAnyMatches(numbers, condition: lessThanTen))

Functions are actually a special case of closures, blocks of code that can be called later. Closure without a name is surrounded with braces, use in to separate arguments and return type from the body

var numbers = [30, 2, 12]
print(numbers.map({ (number: Int) -> Int in
  return 3 * number
}))

When closure type is known (in callback for a delegate) you can omit return type. Single line can omit return. You can also omit parameters and use $0 $1. You can omit parentheses if closure if the only argument.

var numbers = [30, 1, 12]
print(numbers.map({ number in 3 * number}))
print(numbers.map { 3 * $0})
var sorted = numbers.sorted { $0 > $1 }
print(sorted)

Classes uses same let for constants, var for instance property, except that it’s in the context of a class. Use init() for initializers (deinit() for deinitializer for cleanup). If there is a parameter with same name, you can use self.name (otherwise, it is not required when assigning instance property)

class NamedShape {
  var numberOfSides: Int = 0
  var name: String

  init(_ name: String) {
    self.name = name
  }

  func simpleDescription() -> String {
    return "The \(name) shape has \(numberOfSides) sides."
  }
}
var s = NamedShape("My")
s.numberOfSides = 2
print(s.simpleDescription())

Subclasses can override methods. You need to manually call super.init().

class Circle: NamedShape {
  var radius: Int = 0

  init(radius: Int, name: String) {
    super.init(name)
    self.radius = radius
  }
  override func simpleDescription() -> String {
    return "The \(name) circle has \(radius) radius."
  }
}

In addition to simple instance properties, you can have a getter and a setter (it uses newValue implicit name for setter). If you need to call a method when changing the property, you can use willSet and didSet

class MyClass {
  var length: Int
  init(newLength length: Int) {
    length = newLength
  }

  var t: Int {
    get {
      return length
    }
    set {
      length = newValue / 3
    }
  }
}

Enumerations enum can have methods. It starts from zero unless explicitly specifying value. Access raw values using .rawValue property. Use init?(rawValue:) initializer to make an instance of an enumeration from a raw value.

enum Rank: Int {
    case ace = 1
    case two, three

    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        switch self {
        case .ace:
            return "ACE"
        default:
            return String(self.rawValue)
        }
    }
}
let ace = Rank.ace
// or let ace: Rank = .ace
print(ace)
print(ace.rawValue)
print(ace.simpleDescription())

You can use values associated with the case, which are determined when you make an instance, so they can be different for each instance of enumeration case (like stored properties of the enumeration case instance)

enum ServerResponse {
    case result(String, String)
    case failure(String)
}

let success = ServerResponse.result("6:00 am", "8:09 pm")
let failure = ServerResponse.failure("Out of cheese.")

switch success {
case let .result(sunrise, sunset):
    print("Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset).")
case let .failure(message):
    print("Failure...  \(message)")
}
// Prints "Sunrise is at 6:00 am and sunset is at 8:09 pm."

Structires struct are similar to class just they are always copied, but classes are passed by reference

Protocols can be declared with protocol. use mutating to mark a method that modifies the structure.

protocol ExampleProtocol {
  var simpleDescription: String { get }
  mutating func adjust()
}

class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol {
  var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class"
  func adjust() {
    simpleDescription += " now adjusted"
  }
}

Use extension to add functionality to an existing type.

extension Int: ExampleProtocol {
    var simpleDescription: String {
        return "The number \(self)"
    }
    mutating func adjust() {
        self += 42
    }
}
print(7.simpleDescription)
// Prints "The number 7"

Extension is also used to write seed sample data

struct Card {
  var title: String
}
extension Card {
  static let sampleData: [Card] =
  [
    Card(title: "First"),
    Card(title: "Second"),
  ]
}

Error Handling is using any type that adopts Error protocol Use throw to raise an error and throws to mark a function that can throw an error. Code that called a function (with try prefix) handles the error with: do catch, catch is similar to switch Error case ... automatic name is error.

enum PrinterError: Error {
  case outOfPaper
  case onFire
}
func send(job: Int, printerName: String) throws -> String {
  if printerName == "Never has paper" {
    throw PrinterError.outOfPaper
  }
  return "Job \(job) sent"
}

do {
  let result = try send(job: 42, printerName: "Never has paper")
  print(result)
} catch PrinterError.onFire {
  print("Call the fireman")
} catch let printerError as PrinterError {
  print("Printer error: \(printerError)")
} catch {
  print(error)
}

Another way to handle errors is to use try? to convert the result to an optional.

let result = try? send(job: 42, printerName: "Never has paper")

Use defer to write a block of code that’s executed after all other code in the function, just before function returns, it is executed regardless of whether the function throws an error. Please use this cleanup code after setup block

var fridgeIsOpen = false
let fridgeContent = ["milk", "eggs"]
func fridgeContains(_ food: String) -> Bool {
  fridgeIsOpen = true
  defer {
    fridgeIsOpen = false
  }
  let result = fridgeContent.contains(food)
  return result
}
print(fridgeContains("banana"))
print(fridgeIsOpen)

Generic function is created using <Name> which is populated when it is called

func makeArray<Item>(_ item: Item, numberOfTimes: Int) -> [Item] {
  var result: [Item] = []
  for _ in 0..<numberOfTimes {
    result.append(item)
  }
  return result
}
print(makeArray("asd", numberOfTimes: 3))
print(makeArray(1, numberOfTimes: 0))

You can make generic forms of functions, methods, classes, enumeration and structures

// Reimplement the Swift standard library's optional type
enum OptionalValue<Wrapped> {
  case none
  case some(Wrapped)
}
var possibleInteger: OptionalValue<Int> = .none
possibleInteger = .some(100)

Use where right before the body to specify a list of requirements, for example require type to implement a protocol, require a class to have superclass

func anyCommonElements<T: Sequence, U: Sequence>(_ lhs: T, _ rhs: U) -> Bool
    where T.Element: Equatable, T.Element == U.Element
{
    for lhsItem in lhs {
        for rhsItem in rhs {
            if lhsItem == rhsItem {
                return true
            }
        }
    }
    return false
}
anyCommonElements([1, 2, 3], [3])

Ubuntu

Use official vim support

git clone [email protected]:apple/swift.git --depth 1
mkdir ~/.vim/pack/bundle/start -p
cp vim ~/.vim/pack/bundle/start/swift -r

Install swift on Ubuntu from https://www.swift.org/download/ extract to Programs and add Path

echo "PATH=~/Programs/swift-5.5.3-RELEASE-ubuntu20.04/usr/bin:$PATH" >> ~/.bashrc
. ~/.bashrc

Build

touch Package.swift
mkdir Sources
echo print("Hello, world") >> Sources/main.swift
swift build
# .build/debug/Hello

iOS in XCode

https://developer.apple.com/tutorials/app-dev-training

  • right_click -> Refactor -> Rename
  • cmd + click -> Embed in VStack
  • cmd + right_click -> Find
  • navigate Show next tab, show previous tab with cmd+shift+{} (with default key bindings cmd+{}) I need shift because of karabiner so I remaped Show next/previous tab to cmd+[] so now it works cmd+{} (also use other key kombination for conflicts like Shift left/right and Align left/right edges)
  • enable vim in Editor -> Vim Mode . You can visually select and cmd+c to copy to clipboard and paste in another program (yank paste works only inside xcode) Add to project .gitignore 
    # .gitignore
*.xcodeproj/

When there is an error

Select a scheme that builds a target which contains the current file, or add this file to a target that is built by the current scheme.

than you should close Xcode and remove clean the build folder

rm -rf ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/*

Elements:

  • view ``` import SwiftUI

struct CardView: View { let card: Card var body: some View { } } struct CardView_Previews: PreviewProvider { static var card = Card.sampleData[0] static var previews: some View { CardView(card: card) .background(card.theme.mainColor) .previewLayout(.fixed(width: 400, height: 60)) } }

* stacks

VStack { Text(“a”) Spacer() HStack { Label(“Info”) Spacer() Label(“More Info”) } } .padding() .foregroundColor(scrum.theme.accentColor)

* List https://developer.apple.com/documentation/swiftui/list

* Label pick icons on https://developer.apple.com/sf-symbols/

Label(“300”, systemImage: “hourglass.bottomhalf.fill”)

to share styles use extension of LabelStyle and override makeBody

struct TrailingIconLabelStyle: LabelStyle { func makeBody(configuration: Configuration) -> some View { HStack { configuration.title configuration.icon } } }

extension LabelStyle where Self == TrailingIconLabelStyle { static var trailingIcon: Self { Self() } }

use like this

* accesibility

Image(systemName: “person”) .accessibilityLabel(“Person”)


# Errors

For

Showing Recent Messages Signing for “Scrumdinger” requires a development team. Select a development team in the Signing & Capabilities editor. ``` You need to select Team by navigating to project (left icon on left window) and find second tab on right window Signing & Capabilities and choose the team (for example Personal Team) and choose unique Bundle Indentifier and you should see: Signging Ceritficate Apple Development email (ASD123)

Tips

Open emulator by navigating to in menu bar Xcode -> Open Developer Tool -> Simulator

  • icons https://developer.apple.com/sf-symbols/ or online https://github.com/cyanzhong/sf-symbols-online